Today, we will introduce two topics. They are not really classified as grammar, and this is why we used the term notes.

Vowels: In Arabic, there are three short vowels. Short vowels are written above or below the consonants they follow. They are a subset of the Arabic diacritics. Remember, as we mentioned earlier, that these are usually left out in writing.
Each of these three short vowels has a longer version which is both written and pronounced. You've already seen a short vowel and its longer form in the previous section. We'll introduce the rest in future lessons.

Accent and Stress: Accent or word stress may not be as important as in some other languages as far as recognizing individual words. It is very important, however, for the flow of speech.
To determine where the accent falls, you divide the word into syllables. There are either short or long syllables in Arabic: a short syllable consists of a consonant and a vowel. Along syllable consists of either a consonant and long vowel or a consonant, vowel, and vowel-less consonant.
We are not ready for this at the moment, so we won't practice accent in this lesson. As a rule, accent does not fall on the last syllable. It falls on the nearest long before the last. If there isn't a long syllable there, accent falls on the first syllable.